What muscles originate from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and attach to the upper ribs?

The scalene muscles originate from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and attach to the upper ribs, primarily the first and second ribs. These muscles play a significant role in the mechanics of breathing and contribute to the stability and movement of the cervical spine.

Specifically, the anterior scalene muscle originates from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and inserts onto the first rib, while the middle scalene muscle also originates from the cervical transverse processes but extends to the first rib as well. The posterior scalene originates from the lower cervical vertebrae and attaches to the second rib.

Their function is essential not only for respiration—lifting the upper ribs during inhalation—but also in assisting with neck movements. This anatomical positioning makes them unique compared to the other options listed, which do not have origins on the cervical transverse processes or do not attach to the upper ribs.